Valores normais da atividade da colinesterase plasmática em anseriformes, com destaque para Alopochen aegyptiacus / Normal values of plasma cholinesterase activity in anseriformes, with emphasis on Alopochen aegyptiacus

A inibição da enzima colinesterase plasmática (BChE) pode ser utilizada como biomarcador para os efeitos da intoxicação por organofosforados e carbamatos. Nas aves, esta inibição ocorre de forma mais acentuada que nos mamíferos, porém poucos são os trabalhos publicados nestas espécies. O objetivo do estudo fo a dosagem da BChE em gansos-egípcios (Alopochen aegyptiacus) e nos anseriformes domésticos: gansos-domésticos (Anser anser domesticus) e marrecos (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus), para o estabelecimento de valores de referência normais. O trabalho possui ineditismo com relação à determinação desta enzima nos gansos-egípcios e domésticos. Os gansos e marrecos são mantidos em confinamento com fornecimento de alimentos e água ad libitum e em espaço adequado à sua manutenção no Instituto Adolfo Lutz (IAL), com a finalidade de fornecimento de sangue para a alimentação de triatomídeos do insetário de criação no Núcleo de Parasitoses Sistêmicas. Nos Alopochen aegyptiacus a média e o desvio padrão da BChE foram de 1.868 + 263,6 U/L, nos Anser anser domesticus 2.311 + 673,2 U/L e nos Anas platyrhynchos domesticus 4.290 + 86,11 U/L. (AU)

The inhibition of the plasma cholinesterase enzyme (BChE) can be used as a biomarker for the effects of intoxication by organophosphates and carbamates. In birds, this inhibition is more pronounced than in mammals, however there are few specific studies were conducted in this field. The aim of this study was to measure BChE in Egyptian geese (Alopochen aegyptiacus) and domestic anseriforms: domestic geese (Anser anser domesticus) and mallards (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus), not exposed to pesticides, for the establishment of normal values. The work is unprecedented regarding the determination of this enzyme in egyptian geese and domestic geese. Geese and mallards are kept in confinement with ad liditum food and water supply and in adequate space for their maintenance at the Adolfo Lutz Institute (IAL), for the purpose of supplying blood for the feeding of triatomines from the insectary of the Nucleus of Systemic Parasitoses. In Alopochen aegyptiacus the mean and standard deviation of BChE were 1,868 + 263,6 U/L, in Anser anser domesticus 2,311 + 673,2 U/L and in Anas platyrhynchos domesticus 4,290 + 86.11 U/L. (AU)

Resistencia a insecticidas en Aedes aegypti y Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) de Tapachula, Chiapas, México / Insecticide resistance in Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) populations from Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico

Resumen: Objetivo: Determinar la resistencia a insecticidas en Ae. aegypti y Ae. albopictus de Tapachula, Chiapas, México. Material y métodos: Se utilizaron ovitrampas para obtener huevos de mosquitos Aedes y se realizaron pruebas de susceptibilidad (CDC) y ensayos enzimáticos con la primera generación. Resultados: Aedes aegypti mostró resistencia a deltametrina, permetrina, malatión, clorpirifos, temefos y a bendiocarb (CARB), mientras que Aedes albopictus a malatión y en menor grado a cloripirifos, temefos, permetrina y deltametrina. Ambas especies mostraron altos niveles de enzimas como citocomo P450 y glutatión S-tranferasa, mientras que los niveles de esterasas variaron por especie y sitio muestreado. Se detectó acetilcolinesterasa insensible a insecticidas en ambas especies. Conclusión: En un hábitat urbano de Tapachula, Chiapas, México donde se aplica control con insecticidas Ae. aegypti y Ae. albopictus sólo son susceptibles al propoxur.

Abstract: Objective: To determine the insecticide resistance status of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus from Tapachula, México. Materials and methods: Mosquito eggs were collected with the use of ovitraps and CDC susceptibility bioassays and biochemical assays were conducted to determine resistance levels and resistance mechanisms, respectively. Results: Ae. aegypti showed resistance to deltamethrin and permethrin (PYRs), malathion, chlorpyrifos and temephos (OP), and to bendiocarb (CARB), while Ae. albopictus showed resistance to malathion and to a lesser intensity to chlorypirifos, temephos, permethrin and deltamethrin. Both species showed high levels of P450 and GSTs, while levels of esterases varied by species and collection site. Altered acethilcholinesterase was detected in both species. Conclusion: In an urban habitat from Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico where vector control using insecticides takes place, Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus are only susceptible to propoxur.

Uso de pralidoxima en la intoxicación con metomilo en pastor collie en Medellín (Colombia). Reporte de caso / Use of pralidoxime in methomyl intoxication in a Collie Shepherd in Medellín (Colombia). Case report

RESUMEN Se describe el uso de la pralidoxima en el tratamiento de una intoxicación con metomilo en un canino en la ciudad de Medellín (Colombia). Un macho de raza pastor collie sufrió intoxicación accidental con metomilo, presentó cuadro colinérgico, con miosis, sialorrea, delirio, excitación y emesis, fue sometido a descontaminación con carbón activado y terapia con atropina (0,04 mg/kg IM) cada 30 minutos hasta atropinizar, difenhidramina (2 mg/kg EV) y pralidoxima (10 mg/kg EV) cada 8 horas y pentobarbital (12 mg/kg EV) por 24 horas, además de terapia de sostén. Se realizaron pruebas hematológicas, creatinina, alanino aminotrasferasa, tiempo de protrombina y tiempo parcial tromboplastina que resultaron normales para la especie. Después de una terapia de 7 días el paciente presentó mejoría total de los signos nerviosos y se dio de alta en condición normal. El uso de pralidoxima como activador de la acetilcolinesterasa es una opción en el tratamiento de la intoxicación grave por metomilo en la especie canina que muestra sensibilidad a los carbamatos.

ABSTRACT The use of pralidoxime in the treatment of intoxication by methomyl in a canine of the city of Medellín (Colombia) is described. A male of the Collie Shepherd breed who accidentally intoxicated itself with methomyl and presented cholinergic profile with myosis, sialorrhea, delirium, excitement and emesis, was subjected to decontamination with activated charcoal and therapy with atropine (0.04 mg/kg IM) every 30 minutes until atropinization; diphenhydramine (2 mg/kg IV) every 8 hours, pralidoxime (10 mg/kg IV) every 8 hours; and pentobarbital (12 mg/kg IV) for 24 hours, in addition to supportive therapy. Hematological, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase, prothrombin time and partial thromboplastint time tests were performed and resulted normal for the species. After a 7-day therapy, the patient presented complete improvement of its nervous signs and was discharged in normal condition. The use of pralidoxime as activator of acetylcholinesterase is an option in the treatment of severe intoxication with methomyl in canine species that exhibit sensitivity to carbamates.

Resistance status of main malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi Liston (Diptera: Culicidae) to insecticides in a malaria Endemic Area, Southern Iran

Objective: To evaluate the susceptibility of Anopheles stephensi (An. stephensi) Liston, the main malaria vector in southern Iran, to WHO recommended insecticides. Methods: Larvae of An. stephensi were collected from three different larval habitats in both urban and rural area of Bandar Abbas city and one rural area in Rudan county southern Iran. WHO standard method was used for evaluation of adult and larval mosquito susceptibility. Bendiocarb, permethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, deltamethrin as insecticide and temephos and chlorpyriphos as larvicide were used at the diagnostic dosages recommended by WHO. Results: Findings of this study showed all larval populations of An. stephensi were completely susceptible to temephos and candidate for resistance to chlorpyriphos. Adult mosquitoes in rural areas of Bandar Abbas city were resistant to pyrethroid and carbamate insecticides. Conclusion: Comparison of the results of this survey with previous studies indicates that the resistance to pyrethroids and carbamates in this malaria endemic region is increasing. Wide use of pesticides in agriculture is certainly effective in increasing resistance. The inter-sectoral coordination and collaboration in health and agriculture seem to be necessary to manage insecticide resistance in malaria vectors.

Resistance status of main malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi Liston (Diptera: Culicidae) to insecticides in a malaria Endemic Area, Southern Iran

Objective: To evaluate the susceptibility of Anopheles stephensi (An. stephensi) Liston, the main malaria vector in southern Iran, to WHO recommended insecticides. Methods: Larvae of An. stephensi were collected from three different larval habitats in both urban and rural area of Bandar Abbas city and one rural area in Rudan county southern Iran. WHO standard method was used for evaluation of adult and larval mosquito susceptibility. Bendiocarb, permethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, deltamethrin as insecticide and temephos and chlorpyriphos as larvicide were used at the diagnostic dosages recommended by WHO. Results: Findings of this study showed all larval populations of An. stephensi were completely susceptible to temephos and candidate for resistance to chlorpyriphos. Adult mosquitoes in rural areas of Bandar Abbas city were resistant to pyrethroid and carbamate insecticides. Conclusion: Comparison of the results of this survey with previous studies indicates that the resistance to pyrethroids and carbamates in this malaria endemic region is increasing. Wide use of pesticides in agriculture is certainly effective in increasing resistance. The inter-sectoral coordination and collaboration in health and agriculture seem to be necessary to manage insecticide resistance in malaria vectors.

Análise do impacto do uso de organofosforados e carbamatos em trabalhadores rurais de um município da região noroeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul / Impact analysis of the use of organophosphates and carbamates rural workers of the municipality in a northwest region of Rio Grande do Sul

Anualmente milhões de agricultores são intoxicados no mundo, e destes, mais de 20 mil morrem em consequência da exposição a agrotóxicos. Intoxicações por organofosforados (OF) e carbamatos (CAR) representam as maiores ameaças à saúde dos trabalhadores rurais. Os OF e CAR atuam na inibição da enzima colinesterase, sendo assim a inibição desta mostra-se um excelente indicador da severidade da intoxicação. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o impacto do uso de OF e CAR em trabalhadores rurais na cidade de Mato Queimado/RS. Foi realizado um estudo transversal, prospectivo e experimental. Investigaramse 27 trabalhadores rurais expostos. Foram realizadas coletas sanguíneas e dados epidemiográficos nos meses de fevereiro e março de 2014. A atividade da colinesterase foi determinada através do método bioquímico cinético colorimétrico. A faixa etária média dos participantes foi 34,6 anos (± 8,5). A forma de contato mais prevalente foi a aplicação do produto (88,9%). O tempo médio de exposição foi de 10,7 anos. 70,4% relataram usar equipamentos de proteção individual (EPI), sendo mais frequente o uso de máscara (55,5%). A média dos valores de colinesterase para foi de 3244,45 U/I (± 345,8), níveis estes abaixo dos de referência. Através dos resultados obtidos nesta pesquisa torna-se imprescindível a utilização de meios de monitoramento biológico dos trabalhadores rurais na finalidade de prevenção e promoção da saúde.

Annually millions of rural workers are intoxicated in the world, and of these, more than 20,000 die as a result of exposure to pesticides. Intoxication by insecticides organophosphate (OF) and carbamates (CAR) represent the greatest threats to the health of rural workers. OF CAR and act on the inhibition of cholinesterase enzyme, thus inhibition of this proves to be an excellent indicator of the severity of the intoxication. The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of using OF CAR and in rural workers in the city of Mato Queimado/RS. A cross-sectional, prospective and experimental study was conducted. Twenty-three rural workers exposed were investigated. Sample collection and data demographic were conducted in February and March 2014. The cholinesterase activity was determined by biochemical kinetic colorimetric method. The average age of participants was 34.6 years (± 8.5). The most prevalent form of contact is via the application of the product (88.9%). The mean duration of exposure was 10.7 years. Still, 70.4% reported using personal protective equipment (PPE), more frequent use of mask (55.5%). The average values for cholinesterase was 3244.45 U/l (± 345.8) levels below those of the reference. The results obtained in this study are essential to use biological monitoring means of rural workers in purpose of prevention and health promotion.

Assessment of hematological parameters in workers exposed to organophosphorus pesticides, carbamates and pyrethroids in Cundinamarca 2016-2017 / Evaluación de parámetros hematológicos en trabajadores expuestos a pesticidas organofosforados, carbamatos y piretroides, Cundinamarca 2016-2017

ABSTRACT Objective To establish hematotoxic alterations through clinical and paraclinical exploration in workers who are exposed to organophosphorus pesticides, carbamates and pyrethroids (OPCP) due to their work in production, packaging, distribution and fumigation processes in Cundinamarca-Colombia between 2016 and 2017. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional descriptive epidemiological study was carried out on a sample of 92 workers from six companies, mostly aged between 18 and 30 years, of which 61 % were males and 39 % females, and 71 % were workers in the operational area and 29 % in the administrative area. Univariate, bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed. Results Clinical exploration reported findings in 17 % of the sample group, of which only 2 % presented with erythrocyte cholinesterase outside the reference range. The values of hematological parameters such as peripheral blood smear (PBS) and complete blood count (CBC) were outside the range in 15 % and 47 % of the sample, respectively. Discussion The results suggest that there are hematological alterations in this group that could possibly be associated with chronic exposure to OPCP.

RESUMEN Objetivo Determinar las alteraciones hematotóxicas a través de una exploración clínica y paraclínica, en trabajadores que por su oficio se exponen a pesticidas organofosforados, carbamatos y piretroides (POCP), en procesos de producción, envase, distribución y fumigación, en el departamento de Cundinamarca Colombia. Metodología Se realizó un estudio epidemiológico descriptivo de corte transversal. Se realizó un análisis univariado, bivariado y multivariado. La muestra se conforma por 92 trabajadores de seis empresas, la mayoría entre los 18 y 30 años, de los cuales el 61 % son hombres y el 39 % mujeres, 71 % se desempeñan en el área operativa y 29 % en el área administrativa. Resultados Es de resaltar que se tienen hallazgos en la exploración clínica en el 17 % del grupo participante, solo el 2 % presenta la colinesterasa eritrocitaria por fuera del rango de referencia. Los parámetros hematológicos como el frotis de sangre periférica (FSP) presentan valores por fuera de los rangos en el 15 % y el cuadro hemático (CH) tiene valores por fuera de los rangos en el 47 % de las personas. Discusión Los resultados sugieren que existen alteraciones hematológicas en este grupo y que posiblemente podrían estar asociadas con la exposición crónica a POCP.

Niveles de colinesterasa sérica en caficultores del Departamento de Caldas, Colombia / Levels of serum cholinesterase in coffee growers from the Caldas Department, Colombia

RESUMEN Objetivo Determinar niveles de colinesterasa sérica en caficultores del departamento de Caldas y su asociación con factores demográficos y ocupacionales. Metodología Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, muestra de 1 098 agricultores del Alto Oriente y Centro Sur del Departamento de Caldas, por medio de una encuesta en la que se analizaron características del trabajador agrícola de tipo: sociodemográfico, ocupacional, clínicos y concentración de colinesterasa determinada con el método de Ellman. Resultados A nivel ocupacional, el 90,8 % de los agricultores refirió riesgo de exposición directa a plaguicidas. El 3,8 % de las determinaciones analíticas de colinesterasa fueron anormales, se relacionó que el 75,6 % de los agricultores preparan la mezcla del insecticida, el 22,2 % tienen una frecuencia de aplicación en el cultivo más de dos veces por semana, el 37,8 % no emplea ropa de protección durante la jornada de fumigación. El tiempo de la última aplicación fue dentro del rango de uno a diez días demostrando que a menor tiempo de aplicación del insecticida, se presenta mayor inhibición de la enzima. Los plaguicidas más reportados fueron los de tipo organofos-forado (58,6 %). Conclusiones El control de la exposición a plaguicidas se torna difícil porque la mayoría de trabajadores son de tipo informal. Se requiere fortalecer los programas de capacitación y campañas de sensibilización sobre los efectos de los plaguicidas en la salud, las medidas de higiene y seguridad en el trabajo. Los niveles bajos de colinesterasa sérica indican la absorción de una cantidad mínima de insecticidas inhibidores de la colinesterasa.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To determine the levels of serum cholinesterase in coffee growers from the Caldas department and its association with demographic and labor factors. Methodology A descriptive study was carried out in a sample of 1 098 farmers from the Upper East and South Center of the Caldas department, through a survey that analyzed characteristics such as sociodemographic, labor, and clinical conditions, as well as cholinesterase levels, determined by Ellman's method. Results Regarding the occupational aspect, 90.8 % of farmers reported a risk of direct exposure to pesticides. 3.8 % of the analytical determinations of cholinesterase were abnormal, which was related to the fact that 75.6 % of the farmers themselves prepare the mixture of the insecticide, 22.2 % spread the insecticide over their crops more than twice a week, and 37.8 % do not wear protective clothing during the fumigation. The last fumigation was within the range of one to ten days, revealing that the shorter the time of application of the insecticide, the greater the inhibition of the enzyme. The most frequent pesticides were organophosphates (58.6 %). Conclusions Controlling pesticide exposure is difficult because most workers are self-employed. It is necessary to strengthen training programs and awareness campaigns regarding the effect of pesticides on health, as well as health and safety measures at the workplace. Low levels of serum cholinesterase indicate the absorption of a minimal amount of cholinesterase inhibiting insecticides.(AU)

Evaluación de la exposición a órganofosforados y carbamatos en trabajadores de una comunidad agraria / Exposure to organophosphates and carbamates in workers of an agricultural community

En Venezuela la utilización de organofosforados y carbamatos ha contribuido a generar un escenario propicio para la aparición de intoxicaciones agudas y crónicas a nivel de la población, transformándose esta situación en un problema de Salud Pública. Se analizó la exposición en trabajadores de una comunidad agraria de la Colonia Tovar, Estado Aragua. Estudio descriptivo-correlacional en trabajadores expuestos a plaguicidas. El Grupo Expuesto (GE) 17 trabajadores (58,8% del sexo masculino y 41,2%femenino), edad promedio de 37,06 ± 15,66 años y un Grupo Control (GC) con 13 trabajadores del personal administrativo de la Universidad de Carabobo (53,8% del sexo masculino y 46,2%femenino), edad promedio 39,77 ± 13,23 años. Se realizó una entrevista y se determinaron niveles de colinesterasa sérica y parámetros hematimétricos y bioquímicos. En el GE un valor promedio de la actividad de la colinesterasa de 6,7465 ± 1,0314 U/L y para el GC de 8,6546 ± 1,6014 U/L. Las medias de la actividad de la colinesterasa sérica se encontraron dentro de los parámetros considerados normales (4,970-13,977U/L) para ambos grupos. Se evidencia la existencia de diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p< 0,05) entre las medias para el biomarcador de efecto en estudio en el GE. La manipulación inadecuada de los plaguicidas y los síntomas asociados a manifestaciones clínicas debido a la exposición. Un 41,2% de los empleados utilizan medidas de protección personal. Los trabajadores expuestos a organofosforados y carbamatos presentaron biomarcadores de exposición y de efecto dentro de los rangos normales, con presencia de síntomas que pudieran relacionarse con dicha exposición.

In Venezuela, the use of organophosphates and carbamates has contributed to generate a suitable scenario for the appearance of acute and chronic poisoning in the population, turning this situation into a Public Health problem. The exposure in an agrarian worker community from La Colonia Tovar - Aragua State was analyzed. This is a descriptive-correlational study in workers exposed to pesticides. The exposed group, (EG) 17 workers (58.8% male and 41.2% female), mean age 37.06 ± 15.66 years old, and a control group (CG) with 13 administrative staff from University of Carabobo (53.8% male and 46.2% female), mean age 39.77 ± 13.23 years old. An interview was conducted and serum cholinesterase levels were determined; and even, hematimetric and biochemical parameters. In the EG an average value of the cholinesterase activity was 6,7465 ± 1,0314 U/L, and for the CG 8,6546 ± 1,6014 U/L. The means of serum cholinesterase activity were normal (4,970 - 13,977 U/L) for both groups. It is evident the existence of statistically significant difference (p<0.05) between the means for the effect biomarker under study in the EG. The inappropriate handling of pesticides and symptoms associated with clinical manifestations due to exposure. 41.2% of the employees use personal protection measures. Workers exposed to organophosphates and carbamates presented biomarkers of exposure and effect within normal ranges, with the presence of symptoms related to this exposur.

Niveles de colinesterasa en cultivadores de papa expuestos ocupacionalmente a plaguicidas, Totoró, Cauca / Cholinesterase levels in potato growers occupationally exposed to pesticides, Totoro, Cauca

RESUMEN Introducción: El impacto en la salud que ocasiona el uso de plaguicidas en los agricultores se debe principalmente a las prácticas inadecuadas en el manejo de los mismos. Objetivo: Identificar los posibles efectos adversos en la salud y el ambiente asociados al uso y manejo de plaguicidas en el cultivo de papa. Metodología: estudio descriptivo transversal en el municipio de Totoró, departamento de Cauca (Colombia), con una muestra de 125 trabajadores. A cada individuo seleccionado se le aplicó encuesta y recolectó una muestra de 10 ml de sangre para determinar la actividad de la enzima acetilcolinesterasa tanto en plasma como en eritrocitos por la técnica de Michel. Resultados: El 74,4% (n=93) de los trabajadores empleaban plaguicidas en su trabajo y el 49,6% (n=62) los usaban en el hogar. La mayor frecuencia de uso de plaguicidas tanto en el trabajo como en el hogar está dado por los organofosforados. En relación con la determinación de la actividad de la enzima acetilcolinesterasa, el 8,0% (n=10) de los individuos presentaron inhibición de la acetilcolinesterasa eritrocitaria. Conclusiones: El mayor porcentaje de los plaguicidas empleados en el trabajo pertenecen a la categoría toxicológica III, medianamente tóxicos, seguido por la categoría I (extremadamente tóxicos). El plaguicida más frecuentemente utilizado en el trabajo fue el Manzate de categoría toxicológica III, mientras que en casa fue el Furadan (categoría toxicológica I). La inhibición de la AChE fue mínima aunque se informó del uso de plaguicidas organofosforados, carbamatos y ditiocarbamatos, entre otros.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The health impact caused by the use of pesticides on farmers is mainly due to poor practices in managing them. Objective: To identify possible adverse effects on health and the environment associated with the use and management of pesticides in potato crops. Metodology: cross sectional study in the municipality of Totoro, Cauca department (Colombia), with a sample of 125 workers. Each selected individual survey was applied and collected a sample of 10 ml of blood to determine the activity of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase both plasma and erythrocytes by Michel technique. Results: 74.4% (n = 93) of workers employed pesticides in their work and 49.6% (n = 62) used them at home. The highest frequency of pesticide use both at work and at home is given by organophosphates. Regarding the determination of the activity of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, 8.0% (n = 10) of individuals they presented erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Conclusion: The highest percentage of the pesticides used at work belong to the toxicity category III, moderately toxic, followed by the category I (extremely toxic). The pesticide used most often at work was Manzate of toxicity category III, while at home was the Furadan (toxicological category I). AChE inhibition was minimal but the reported the use of organophosphates, carbamates and dithiocarbamates, among others.

Determination of Carbamates Pesticide Residues in Chinese Herbal Pieces by GPC-SPE-UPLC-MS/MS / 中国药师

Objective:To set up an automatic gel permeation chromatography-solid phase extraction purification-ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry ( GPC-SPE-UPLC-MS/MS ) method for the quantitative determination of 14 carba-mates pesticide residues in Chinese herbal pieces. Methods:The samples were extracted by acetonitrile, and kept in constant volume with ethyl acetate-cyclohexane (1: 1, v/v). The extract was purified by GPC combined with amino solid phase extraction column (Carb/NH2). After UPLC gradient elution separation on an Agilent Poroshell 120EC-C18 column using acetonitrile-0. 1% formic acid as the mobile phase,the target pesticides were determined by tandem mass spectrometry in a multi-reaction monitoring ( MRM) mode. Results:The 14 kinds of carbamates pesticides had good linear relationships within the range of determination (r>0. 9990), and the detection limit was 0. 02-0. 35μg·kg-1 . When the spiked levels were 1, 10 and 50μg·L-1 , the recoveries were 74. 2%-108. 8%, and the RSD was 1. 25%-6. 73%(n=6). Conclusion:The method simplifies the pretreatment operation and shortens the analysis time with good selectivity and high sensitivity, which can be used for the determination of carbamates pesticide residues in Chinese herbal pieces.

Sitagliptin ameliorates vascular endothelial function in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients / 中国医师杂志

Objective To investigate sitagliptin and repaglinide could ameliorate endothelial function in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients and to explore its mechanism.Methods A total of 92 newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients with glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) from 6.5％ to 8.5％ was randomly assigned to sitagliptin group(n =46) receiving sitagliptin,and repaglinide group (n =46) receiving repaglinide for 12 weeks.The effect of sitagliptin on vascular endothelial function was measured with endothelium-dependent flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD).FMD,level of serum nitric oxide (NO),plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and biochemical variables in the two groups were measured at baseline and 12 weeks after treatment.Results Fasting blood glucose (FBG),postprandial blood glucose (PBG),and HbA1c decreased significantly both in sitagliptin and repaglinide groups after treatment,but the descent more significantly in the repaglinide group than those in the sitagliptin group (P ＜ 0.05).FMD,NO,and homeostasis model assessmentβ (HOMA-[β) were increased,and PAI-1 and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMR-IR) decreased in both two groups of patients (P ＜ 0.05).FMD,NO,and PAI-1 improved more significantly in sitagliptin groups (P ＜ 0.05).With FMD as dependent variables,multiple linear regression analysis showed that NO was a major protection factors of endothelial function,and PAI-1 and mean artery pressure (MAP) were major injury factors of endothelial function.Furthermore,with /FMD as the dependent variable,FMD as the dependent variable,and body mass index (BMI),MAP,HbA1c,HOMA-IR,triglycerides (TG),NO,and PAI-1 as a covariate-linear analysis of covariance showed that improved FMD with NO and PAI-1 were still relevant after treatment with sitagliptin.Conclusions Sitagliptin could improve vascular endothelial function evaluated by FMD better than repaglinide in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes,the partial mechanism was related to the increase of NO level and the decrease of PAI-1 level,and the effect may be independent of the hypoglycemic effect.

Sitagliptin ameliorates vascular endothelial function in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients / 中国医师杂志

Objective To investigate sitagliptin and repaglinide could ameliorate endothelial function in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients and to explore its mechanism.Methods A total of 92 newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients with glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) from 6.5％ to 8.5％ was randomly assigned to sitagliptin group(n =46) receiving sitagliptin,and repaglinide group (n =46) receiving repaglinide for 12 weeks.The effect of sitagliptin on vascular endothelial function was measured with endothelium-dependent flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD).FMD,level of serum nitric oxide (NO),plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and biochemical variables in the two groups were measured at baseline and 12 weeks after treatment.Results Fasting blood glucose (FBG),postprandial blood glucose (PBG),and HbA1c decreased significantly both in sitagliptin and repaglinide groups after treatment,but the descent more significantly in the repaglinide group than those in the sitagliptin group (P ＜ 0.05).FMD,NO,and homeostasis model assessmentβ (HOMA-[β) were increased,and PAI-1 and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMR-IR) decreased in both two groups of patients (P ＜ 0.05).FMD,NO,and PAI-1 improved more significantly in sitagliptin groups (P ＜ 0.05).With FMD as dependent variables,multiple linear regression analysis showed that NO was a major protection factors of endothelial function,and PAI-1 and mean artery pressure (MAP) were major injury factors of endothelial function.Furthermore,with /FMD as the dependent variable,FMD as the dependent variable,and body mass index (BMI),MAP,HbA1c,HOMA-IR,triglycerides (TG),NO,and PAI-1 as a covariate-linear analysis of covariance showed that improved FMD with NO and PAI-1 were still relevant after treatment with sitagliptin.Conclusions Sitagliptin could improve vascular endothelial function evaluated by FMD better than repaglinide in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes,the partial mechanism was related to the increase of NO level and the decrease of PAI-1 level,and the effect may be independent of the hypoglycemic effect.

Insecticide susceptibility in larval populations of the West Nile vector Culex pipiens L. (Diptera:Culicidae) in Saudi Arabia

Objective: To investigate the susceptibility to some conventional and non-conventional insecticides in laboratory and field larval populations of the West Nile vector Culex pipiens L. (Cx. pipiens), the dominant species in Jeddah Province, Saudi Arabia. Methods: The tested conventional insecticides were Actikil and Pesgard, while the non-conventional ones were Bacilod, Dudim and Baycidal. Probit analysis and photo-microscopical observations were carried out to shed light on acute toxicity in laboratory and field Cx. pipiens strains. Results: Cx. pipiens were more susceptible to Pesgard (LC50: 0.045 and 0.032 mg/L) than Actikil (0.052 and 0.038 mg/L) and Bacilod (0.129 and 0.104 mg/L), for the field and laboratory strains, respectively. Results showed that treatments with the chitin syn-thesis inhibitor Dudim and Baycidal evoked morphological effects similar to those induced by other insect growth regulators. According to IC50 values obtained (concen-tration which to inhibit the emergence of 50%of mosquito adults), the compound Dudim (0.000 3 and 0.000 1 mg/L) was more effective against Cx. pipiens L. mosquitoes than Baycidal (0.000 4 and 0.000 3 mg/L) for both the field and laboratory strains, respectively. Conclusions: Our results provide baseline data to enhance control programs and orient public health decisions on the selection of pesticides against mosquito vectors in Saudi Arabia.

Insecticide susceptibility in larval populations of the West Nile vector Culex pipiens L. (Diptera: Culicidae) in Saudi Arabia

Objective: To investigate the susceptibility to some conventional and non-conventional insecticides in laboratory and field larval populations of the West Nile vector Culex pipiens L. (Cx. pipiens), the dominant species in Jeddah Province, Saudi Arabia. Methods: The tested conventional insecticides were Actikil and Pesgard, while the non-conventional ones were Bacilod, Dudim and Baycidal. Probit analysis and photomicroscopical observations were carried out to shed light on acute toxicity in laboratory and field Cx. pipiens strains. Results: Cx. pipiens were more susceptible to Pesgard (LC

Management of exogenous intoxication by carbamates and organophosphates at an emergency unit / Manejo de intoxicação exógena por carbamatos e organofosforados em uma unidade de emergência

Summary Objectives: to evaluate and indicate the procedure to be followed in the health unit, both for diagnosis and the treatment of acute exogenous intoxications by carbamates or organophosphates. Methods: a descriptive study based on retrospective analysis of the clinical history of patients diagnosed with intoxication by carbamates or organophosphates admitted at the emergency unit of the Hospital de Urgências de Sergipe Governador João Alves (HUSE) between January and December of 2012. Some criteria were evaluated, such as: intoxicating agent; patient's age and gender; place of event, cause, circumstances and severity of the intoxication; as well as signs and symptoms of the muscarinic, nicotinic and neurological effects. Results: seventy patients (average age: 25±19.97) formed the study's population. It was observed that 77.14% of them suffered carbamate intoxication. However, organophosphate intoxications were more severe, with 68.75% of patients presenting moderate to severe forms. Suicide attempt was the leading cause of poisoning, with 62 cases (88.57% of total). Atropine administration was an effective therapeutic approach for treating signs and symptoms, which included sialorrhea (p=0.0006), nausea (p=0. 0029) and emesis (p lt0.0001). The use of activated charcoal was shown effective, both in combating the signs and symptoms presented by both patient groups (p <0.0001). Conclusion: it is concluded that the use of atropine and activated charcoal is highly effective to treat the signs and symptoms developed by patients presenting acute exogenous intoxication by carbamates or organophosphates.

Resumo Objetivo: avaliar e indicar os procedimentos a serem seguidos na unidade de saúde tanto para o diagnóstico como para o tratamento de intoxicações agudas exógenas por carbamatos ou organofosforados. Métodos: estudo descritivo baseado na análise retrospectiva da história clínica de pacientes diagnosticados com intoxicação por carbamatos ou organofosforados admitidos em uma unidade de emergência, entre janeiro e dezembro de 2012. Foram avaliados alguns critérios, como: agente intoxicador; idade do paciente e gênero; causa de envolvimento, circunstâncias e gravidade da intoxicação; sinais e sintomas dos efeitos neurológicos muscarínicos e nicotínicos. Resultados: setenta pacientes (idade média: 25±19,97 anos) formaram a população de estudo. Foi observado que 77,14% deles sofreram intoxicação por carbamatos. Os casos mais graves foram intoxicados por organofosforados, com 68,75% dos pacientes apresentando formas moderadas a graves. Tentativa de suicídio foi a causa principal de envenenamento, com 62 casos (88,57% do total). A administração de atropina foi uma medida terapêutica efetiva para tratamento de sinais e sintomas, como sialorreia (p=0,0006), náusea (p=0,0029) e êmese (p<0,0001). O uso do carvão ativado mostrou efetividade para o combate dos sinais e sintomas apresentados por pacientes em geral (p<0,0001). Conclusão: o uso de atropina e de carvão ativado é uma medida terapêutica altamente efetiva para combater os sinais e sintomas apresentados por pacientes vítimas de intoxicação aguda exógena por carbamatos ou organofosforados.

Laboratory genetic-based reference values for cholinesterase activity in a Colombian population: A step forward in personalized diagnostics / Valores de referencia basados en el contexto genético de la actividad enzimática de la colinesterasa en una población colombiana: un paso hacia el diagnóstico personalizado

Introduction: The determination of cholinesterase (ChE) activity has been commonly applied in the biomonitoring of exposure to organophosphate and carbamate pesticides. However, ChE activity is influenced by genetic factors. Integrating genotype and phenotype information in clinical laboratory tests would increase the accuracy of the reference values in well-defined populations. Objective: To establish genetic-based reference values for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity in a Colombian population. Materials and methods: A total of 397 healthy adults from Bucaramanga were included in the study. AChE and BChE activities were measured in blood samples by potentiometry and spectrophotometry, respectively. Genotyping for ACHE rs17880573 and BCHE rs1803274 was performed using the TaqMan allelic discrimination assay. The statistical analyses to obtain the reference values were performed with the MedCalc® software. Results: Allele frequencies were 10.58% for rs17880573 A and 8.82% for rs1803274 A. People with genotypes rs1803274 AA and AG showed a reduction of 20.69% and 10.92% respectively in mean BChE activity compared to people with genotype GG. No significant differences were identified in AChE activity between rs17880573 alleles or genotypes. In the overall sample, the corresponding reference values were as follows: for AChE activity, 0.62-0.98 D pH/h and for BChE activity, 4796.3-10321.1 U/L for people carrying the allele rs1803274A and 5768.2-11180.4 U/L for people carrying the genotype rs1803274 GG. Conclusion: We strongly recommend using these genetic-based reference values for ChE enzymes in our well-defined population in daily clinical practice.

Introducción. La determinación de la actividad enzimática de la colinesterasa se utiliza comúnmente en la vigilancia biológica de la exposición a pesticidas organofosforados y carbamatos. Sin embargo, los factores genéticos afectan la actividad de la colinesterasa, por lo que la integración de la información sobre genotipos y fenotipos en las pruebas de laboratorio clínico, incrementaría la precisión de los valores de referencia. Objetivo. Establecer los valores de referencia basados en el contexto genético para la actividad enzimática de la acetilcolinesterasa (AChE) y la butirilcolinesterasa (BChE), en una población colombiana. Materiales y métodos. Se incluyeron 397 adultos sanos. La actividad de la acetilcolinesterasa y la de la butirilcolinesterasa, se determinaron en muestras de sangre por potenciometría y espectrofotometría, respectivamente. Los genotipos de los ACHE rs17880573 y BCHE rs1803274 se obtuvieron mediante el ensayo TaqMan y los valores de referencia se estimaron con el programa MedCalc®. Resultados. La frecuencia alélica fue de 10,58 % para rs17880573 A y de 8,82 % para rs1803274 A. Las personas con los genotipos rs1803274 AA y AG, mostraron una reducción en el promedio de la actividad de la butirilcolinesterasa de 20,69 % y de 10,92 %, respectivamente, comparados con aquellas con el genotipo GG. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en la actividad de la acetilcolinesterasa con respecto a los alelos y genotipos del rs17880573. Los valores de referencia determinados para esta población fueron de 0,62-0,98 D pH/h para acetilcolinesterasa y de 4796,3-10321,1 U/L para butirilcolinesterasa, en las personas portadoras del alelo rs1803274 A, y de 5768,2-11180,4 U/L, en las portadoras del genotipo rs1803274 GG. Conclusión. Se recomienda el uso de estos valores de referencia basados en el contexto genético para las colinesterasas, en la práctica clínica diaria en esta población.

Chemical constituents from pods of Glycine max / 中草药

Objective: To investigate the chemical constituents from the pods of Glycine max. Methods: The chemical constituents were isolated by repeated silica gel chromatography, Sephadex LH-20 gel column chromatography, medium pressure column chromatography, and semi-preparative liquid chromatography. Their structures were elucidated by chemical properties and spectroscopic analyses. Results: Fourteen compounds were identified to be 4,4'-diphenylmethane-bis (ethyl) carbamates (1), 2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (2), (+)-medioresinol (3), taraxerone (4), lupenone (5), 7,3',4'-trihydroxyflavone (6), coumestrol (7), indole-3-carboxylic acid (8), apigenin (9), phaseol (10), 7,4'-dihydroxyflavone (11), stigmasterol (12), β-sitosterol (13), and β-daucosterol (14). Conclusion: Compounds 1-5 are obtained from the pods of G. max for the first time, and compound 6 is obtained from this plant for the first time.

Intoxicação aguda por agrotóxicos anticolinesterásicos na cidade do Recife, Pernambuco, 2007-2010 / Acute anticholinesterase pesticide poisoning in Recife, Pernambuco State, Brazil, 2007-2010 / Intoxicación aguda por agrotóxicos anticolinesterásicos en la ciudad de Recife, Pernambuco, 2007-2010

Objetivo: descrever as características epidemiológicas e a distribuição espacial dos casos de intoxicações agudas por agrotóxicos anticolinesterásicos na cidade do Recife, estado de Pernambuco, Brasil, no período 2007-2010. Métodos: estudo descritivo das notificações registradas no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan), para levantamento do perfil epidemiológico e geoprocessamento. Resultados: foram identificados 549 casos de intoxicações agudas por agrotóxicos anticolinesterásicos, sendo as maiores frequências observadas no sexo feminino (60,3 por cento), na faixa etária de 15 a 29 anos (42,3 por cento) e naqueles de cor ou raça parda (95,3 por cento); o "chumbinho" representou o principal agente tóxico envolvido (92,2 por cento) e o principal motivo das intoxicações foi a tentativa de suicídio (79,4 por cento). Conclusão: a intoxicação por agrotóxicos anticolinesterásicos acometeu principalmente mulheres, jovens e pardos; o achado de que a grande maioria dos casos estava relacionada a tentativa de suicídio indica a necessidade de ações de prevenção focadas na população detectada como vulnerável.

Objective: to describe the epidemiological characteristics and spatial distribution of acute anticholinesterase pesticide poisoning cases in the city of Recife Pernambuco State, Brazil, 2007-2010. Methods: this was a descriptive study of cases reported on the Notifiable Diseases Database (Sinan) to obtain their epidemiologic profile and perform geoprocessing. Results: 549 cases were identified. The highest frequencies occurred among females (60.3 percent), the 15-29 age group (42.3 percent) and brown-skinned individuals (95.3 percent). "Rat poison" was the main poisoning agent found (92.2 percent) and attempted suicide was the main reason for poisoning (79.4 percent). Conclusion: anticholinesterase pesticide poisoning is a serious public health problem with a high proportion of cases concentrated in youth, women and brown-skinned people. The finding that the vast majority of cases were related to attempted suicide indicates the need for prevention actions focusing vulnerable populations.

Objetivo: describir las características epidemiológicas y la distribución espacial de los casos de intoxicaciones agudas por agrotóxicos anticolinesterásicos en la ciudad de Recife, estado de Pernambuco, Brasil, en el período 2007-2010.Métodos: estudio descriptivo de las notificaciones registradas en el Sistema de Información de Agravamientos de Notificación (Sinan), para analizar el perfil epidemiológico y el geoprocesamiento.Resultados: se identificaron 549 casos de intoxicaciones agudas por agrotóxicos anticolinesterásicos, siendo observadas las mayores frecuencias en el sexo femenino (60,3%), en la franja de edad de 15 a 29 años (42,3%) y en las personas de color o raza parda (95,3%); el rodenticida ("chumbinho") fue el principal agente tóxico involucrado (92,2%) y el principal motivo de las intoxicaciones fue el intento de suicidio (79,4%). Conclusion: la intoxicación por agrotóxicos anticolinesterásicos acometió principalmente a mujeres, jóvenes y a pardos; el hallazgo de que en la gran mayoría de los casos estaba relacionada al intento de suicidio indica la necesidad de acciones de prevención dirigidas a la población detectada como vulnerable.

The pesticide use in mongolia and the actual problems / Монголын Анагаах Ухаан

Like other crops, fruits and vegetables are attacked by pests and diseases during production andstorage leading to damages that reduce the quality and the yield. In order to reduce the loss andmaintain the quality of fruits and vegetables harvest, pesticides are used together with other pestmanagement techniques during cropping to destroy pests and prevent diseases. The presenceof pesticide residues is a concern for consumers because pesticides are known to have potentialharmful effects to other non-targeted organisms than pests and diseases. The major concerns aretheir toxic effects such as interfering with the reproductive systems and fetal development as wellas their capacity to cause cancer and asthma. Some of the pesticides are persistent and thereforeremain in the body causing long term exposure.Pesticides can be classified based upon their biological mechanism function or application methods;arsenic content, organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates, mercury content.Glyphosate is the active ingredient in herbicide formulations containing it. Human acute toxicity isdose related. Acute fatal toxicity has been reported in deliberate overdose. Epidemiological studieshave not found associations between long term low level exposure to glyphosate and any disease.The purpose of pesticide monitoring programs is to ensure that in fruits and vegetables do not exceedmaximum residues levels (MRLs) allowed by the government, no misuse of pesticides that couldresult in unexpected residues in food and that good agricultural practices (GAP) are maintained. Theresults from these monitoring programs are also used by regulatory bodies for future developmentsin setting MRLs and risk assessment exercises for public health.The MRLs are always set far below levels considered to be safe for humans. It should be understoodthat MRLs are not safety limits, a food residue can have higher level than MRL but can still be safefor consumption. Safety limits are assessed in comparison with acceptable daily intake (ADI) forshort term exposure or acute reference dose (ARfD).Nowadays, the pesticides imported 657 000-1 079 000 tn. in each year by Custom Agency ofMongolia[⁵²] and still unenforced Pest monitoring program, Pest management in the agriculture.